{"id":4584,"date":"2020-11-18T14:45:15","date_gmt":"2020-11-18T12:45:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/skeppsbronskatt.se\/?p=4584"},"modified":"2020-11-18T14:45:15","modified_gmt":"2020-11-18T12:45:15","slug":"pillar-two-a-global-solution-to-ensure-taxation-of-income-transferred-to-low-tax-jurisdictions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/skeppsbronskatt.se\/en\/2020\/11\/18\/pillar-two-a-global-solution-to-ensure-taxation-of-income-transferred-to-low-tax-jurisdictions\/","title":{"rendered":"Pillar Two \u2013 A global solution to ensure taxation of income transferred to low-tax jurisdictions"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

The work by OECD \u2013 within the Pillar Two \u2013 aims to prevent structures where income is transferred to low-tax jurisdictions to reduce or completely avoid taxation. Furthermore, the purpose is to prevent a \u201craise to the bottom\u201d between jurisdictions in terms of the level of their corporate taxation. This is suggested to be achieved, by a global solution designed to ensure that large multinational companies pay a minimum level of tax regardless of where the headquarter is located or where operating units are located.<\/p>\n

The Blueprint of Pillar Two, published on 12 October 2020, presents the technical details of such global solution, where proposed GloBE-rules<\/em> should be applicable if income in multinational companies is taxed below a certain acceptable minimum level. The GloBE-rules (Global Anti-Base Erosion) constitute several interlocking rules which are aimed to prevent that taxation is reduced or completely avoided by transferring the income to a low-tax jurisdiction.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

The GloBE-rules consist of the following rules:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • the Income inclusion rule (IIR<\/em>), which triggers an inclusion at the level of the shareholders where income of a controlled foreign entity is taxed below the acceptable minimum level, and<\/li>\n
  • the Undertaxed payment rule (UTPR),<\/em> which refuses deduction or imposes withholding tax on intragroup payments taxed below the acceptable minimum level.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    The GloBE-rules are supplemented by the following rules:<\/p>\n

      \n
    • the Switch-over rule (SOR),<\/em> which removes treaty obstacles from its application to certain branch structures, and<\/li>\n
    • the Subject to tax rule (STTR),<\/em> which denies treaty benefits for certain deductible intra-group payments made to jurisdictions where those payments are subject to no or low taxation.\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

       <\/p>\n

      The scope of the GloBE-rules<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

      The GloBE-rules will apply to multinational groups that have an annual consolidated revenue of EUR 750 million or more. The Blueprint also contains definitions of which entities and groups that will be covered by the rules, provided that the EUR 750 million threshold is met. These definitions are based on the definitions in the country-by-country reporting regulations (CbCR).<\/p>\n

      Certain parent entities are excluded from the application of the GloBE-rules, including investment funds, pension funds, sovereign wealth funds, government bodies, international organisations, and non-profit organisations. <\/p>\n

      The calculation of the effective tax rate<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

      The Blueprint describes how the effective tax rate of a multinational entity should be calculated when applying the IIR and the UTPR. The effective tax rate is calculated for each entity split per jurisdiction and will be compared with the acceptable minimum level. However, the Blueprint does not propose a specific level which should be considered as a minimum level of effective tax. This is instead something that will be agreed on at a later stage.<\/p>\n

      The starting point in the calculation of the effective tax rate is the entity\u2019s accounted profit before tax, prepared in accordance with the accounting standard applied the parent entity\u2019s consolidated financial statement. A limited number of adjustments may then be made on the accounted profit before tax to add or eliminate certain items, in order to arrive at the entity\u2019s tax base for GloBE purposes. To calculate the effective tax rate, the amount of covered taxes, calculated for the entity based on the definition of covered taxes in the Blueprint, is divided with the entity\u2019s tax base.<\/p>\n

      The calculated effective tax rate will then be compared with the acceptable minimum level and the GloBE-rules will be applicable if the entity\u2019s effective tax rate is lower than the accepted minimum level. <\/p>\n

      The Income inclusion rule (IIR) and the Switch-over rule (SOR)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

      The principal mechanism of the proposed GloBE-rules is the IIR which triggers an inclusion at the level of the shareholder where the income of a controlled foreign entity is taxed below an acceptable minimum level. This means that the IIR requires the parent entity to pay top-up tax on its proportionate shares of the income of any low-tax entity in which the parent entity has a direct or indirect ownership.<\/p>\n

      The IIR includes an ordering rule that is designed to ensure that the IIR in different jurisdictions cannot be applied to the same interest in low-taxed income. The primary mechanism for coordinating the application of the IIR in each jurisdiction is through the top-down approach. This approach gives priority to the application of the IIR in the jurisdiction of the ultimate parent entity. In the event the ultimate parent entity is not located in a jurisdiction that has implemented the IIR, the responsibility for applying the IIR instead relies on the entity that is directly owned and controlled by that ultimate parent entity, and so on, down the chain of ownership.<\/p>\n

      The IIR is supplemented by the SOR that removes treaty obstacles from its application to certain branch structures and applies where a tax treaty otherwise obligates a contracting state to use the exemption method. <\/p>\n

      Under taxed payment rule (UTPR)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

      UTPR has the same general purpose as the IIR and serves as a back-stop to the IIR by refusing deductions or imposes withholding tax on intra-group payments which are taxed below the accepted minimum rate. The UTPR should be used as a secondary rule and should only apply when the entity is already subject to taxation according to IIR<\/p>\n

      The UTPR use the same mechanism as the IIR for determining an entity\u2019s jurisdictional effective tax rate. Where the UTPR applies, the top-up tax is allocated proportionately among the entities applying a UTPR, allocating first to those entities making direct payment to the low-tax entity and then among all entities in the group that have net intra-group expenses. <\/p>\n

      The Subject to tax rule (STTR)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

      The STTR is introduced in the Blueprint and intends to complement the other GloBE-rules by denying treaty benefits for certain deductible intra-group payments, for example, interest- and royalty payments, made to jurisdictions where those payments are subject to no or low nominal corporate tax rate.\u00a0<\/p>\n

      The STTR will be triggered when payment is subject to a nominal tax rate in the payee jurisdiction that is below the minimum rate and thus differs from the IIR and UTPR, which are based on the calculation of the effective tax rate described above.<\/p>\n

      The STTR is a treaty-based rule, especially targets risk to source jurisdictions which have not exercised their primary taxing rights due to a tax treaty, to impose tax on such payments. By restoring taxing rights to the source state in these cases, the STTR is designed to help source countries to protect their tax base. <\/p>\n

      Implementation and rule co-ordination<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

      The Blueprint also address questions of implementation and effective rule co-ordination. According to the Blueprint, the IIR and the UTPR do not require changes to bilateral treaties and can be implemented by the way of change to domestic law, while both the STTR and the SOR can only be implemented through changes to existing bilateral tax treaties. <\/p>\n

      Our comments<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

      The proposed global solution according to the Pillar Two Blueprint may have a significant impact on multinationals in terms of increased administrative burden and increased tax expenses. However, until the OECD has specified which level of the effective tax rate is to be considered as an acceptable level, it is difficult to assess the extent to which the entities will be affected.<\/p>\n

      The timeframe previously presented by the OECD was to publish the final version of Pillar Two before year-end 2020. However, the work has been delayed due to Covid-19 and difficulties in reaching an agreement on several key issues in the proposal. The process has therefore been postponed and the OECD aims to bring the process to a conclusion by mid-2021.<\/p>\n

      Currently, a consensus conclusion has not been reached between the member states of the OECD in several key issues in Pillar Two. To reach an agreement will probably be time-consuming and require compromises between the member states. If no agreement has been reached by mid-2021, there may be more activity in the European Union on putting in place their own minimum tax rules. Germany has previously expressed that they intend to use its presidency of the European Union (1 July 2020 to 31 December 2020), among other things, to \u201cpave the way\u201d for the introduction of uniform minimum tax rules. Further, it has previously been stated that the European Union will seek to implement the recommendation from the OECD on the taxation of the digital economy, including the introduction of an effective global minimum corporate rate.<\/p>\n

      Skeppsbron Skatt will continue to follow the progress closely. If you want to discuss how the Pillar Two Blueprint may affect your business, you are welcome to contact us. We are a member of a global network of independent tax advisors available to assist in local matters. \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Introduction The work by OECD \u2013 within the Pillar Two \u2013 aims to prevent structures where income is transferred to low-tax jurisdictions to reduce or completely avoid taxation. Furthermore, the purpose is to prevent a \u201craise to the bottom\u201d between jurisdictions in terms of the level of their corporate taxation. This is suggested to be […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":4582,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[295],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nPillar Two \u2013 A global solution to ensure taxation of income transferred to low-tax jurisdictions - Skeppsbron Skatt<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The work by OECD \u2013 within the Pillar Two \u2013 aims to prevent structures where income is transferred to low-tax jurisdictions to reduce or completely avoid taxation. 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